In a traditional Gemeinschaft society, the divisions of labor between men and women are described as which?

• A. Flexible
• B. Negotiated
• C. Rigid
• D. Equal

Answer: (C)

In a Gemeinschaft society, social life centers on close, intimate ties and lived tradition. Norms are passed down through family and neighborhood, and roles tend to be ascribed rather than chosen. The division of labor between men and women is shaped by long-standing expectations: men typically take on outside, public work and leadership, while women focus on domestic duties and caregiving. This setup is reinforced by everyday routines, rituals, and social expectations that give little room for individual negotiation or change. Because the pattern stays fixed largely through tradition and social pressure rather than open bargaining or formal rules, the division of labor is described as rigid.